Sep-2022

Study into the features of mobile ticketing applications used by train operators in the United States. Study compared the applications through four categories: the ticket validation process, ticket types offered in the app, additional features in the app and the process for transferring to other modes using the app. 

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Nov-2025

Study into the adoption of digital payments for public transportation in developing cities. The study analyses and evaluates the factors influencing the adoption of of digital payments. Results found that prior use of transport, type of phone owned, internet availability and age have a significant impact on likelihood to use digital payments. 

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Jul-2023

Study providing and overview of transit apps used by various transit agencies in the United States. The researchers conducted interviews with 21 transport industry leaders, and synthesized perceived benefits and costs to transit apps. The study identifies five existing business models and emerging trends of transit apps and aims to improve transit app knowledge and provide practical recommendations for future improvements. 

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May-2022

Literature review into the studies concerning end-user benefits of transit apps for use on smartphones. Study covered the time period between 2010 and 2020. The study identified three categories of user benefits: Perception and psychological changes, time savings on trips, and travel behaviour changes. The review found that transit apps had the capability to improve perceptions of transport reliability and safety, reduce anxiety, reduce wait times and boost ridership. The study recommends future studies to adopt more rigorous study designs and methods, to study infrequent and non-riders, to consider the captive users (e.g. rural users who rely on infrequent transport services)and to make more use of empirical evidence to quantify benefits of public sector transport apps.

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Dec-2014

Study explores integrated urban smart ticketing in the context of EU transport policy. The study aims to highlight to conflict in objectives held by operators, governments and users. Emphasises that e-ticketing only makes up a part of an effective transport system.

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Mar-2021

A study in the factors that have impacted local bus demand, also looks into how these could increase demand. Factors investigated are: fares, service frequencies, journey time, car ownership and use, competing or complementary relationships with other modes and overall user experience. The report also looks into three case studies in Wales.

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Apr-2019

Research into the demographics of the users of smartcards on the Metro Manilla Light Rail Transit Line. Study finds that groups with higher levels of education and a stable income/job are more likely to use a smart card, and that those with lower levels of education and an unstable income/job are more likely to use a single journey ticket. Additionally, the study considers the impact of the 'sachet economy' - in which goods are purchased in smaller quantities more frequently with the goal of more effective budgeting. This may explain why many lower income users prefer single journey tickets. The study suggests the consideration of this culture to produce smart ticketing solutions for lower income groups.

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Dec-2018

Research into the level of convenience for ticketing types used by public transport systems. The study develops a method of quantifying ticket convenience and concludes that methods of ticketing that make use of contactless bank cards are more convenient than traditional smart ticketing technologies. 

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Jun-2021

Study into how ticketing data can be used to analyse usage patterns at a major transport hub. Data can be used to analyse both long and short term horizons and takes into account major events such as the pandemic and significant strikes. 

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Apr-2020

Study evaluating the feasibility of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for smart ticketing purposes. The researchers tracked passengers’ trips from start to finish as part of a check in/be-out system. Results suggested the BLE is feasible for use in smart ticketing. 

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Jun-2025

Paper intended to develop a methodology to evaluate the benefits of smart ticketing systems. Bases evaluation on 6 KPIs: Validations, Rejected Validations, Ticket Inspections, Sale of Travel Passes, Quality of Service, and Alarms. The study demonstrates this methodology in case study evaluating the Italian Region of Lombardy.

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May-2015

Study into the predictors of the intention to use mobile ticketing. Analyses the acceptance and use of these systems on the part of the users. 

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Apr-2020

Study into the effectiveness of the Movingo integrated ticketing scheme in Sweden. Investigated the extent to which public transport use increased, use satisfaction and perceived quality of the service. Found that both satisfaction and public transport use increased as a result of the scheme. 

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Jan-2018

A study into the Verkehrsverbund model for transport operations. The model focuses on integration between services, and collaboration between operators and local governments. The study praises Verkehrsverbunde for improving quality and quantity of public transport services, increasing public transport mode share and reducing subsidies as a percent of revenue.  

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Apri-2018

Paper provides an overview of Bus Services Act 2017, within the context of the deregulation that occurred during the 1980s. Study suggests that the act represents a shift from the extreme emphasis on competition between operators to having a greater emphasis on partnerships between operators and local government. 

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Jun-2018

Study into the extent to which bus service partnerships can lead to improvements in bus services. The study finds that partnerships have increased investment and provided for greater communication between operators and authorities, leading to constructive augmentation of a typical market-based model. 

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Sep-2021

Paper investigating how franchising, classified as a "formal institution", and bus partnerships, classified as an "informal institution", handle the "unintended consequences" of a deregulated market. Includes an overview of the recent history and current state of the bus market in Britain. 

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Apr-2024

Study into the demographics and travel behaviour of the users of a smart ticketing system. The study finds that being educated, wealthy and younger increased rates of adoption, and vice versa. The study also found that longer-term smart ticketing users travelled more for recreational activity and work than non- and new users.

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Apr-2019

Study making use of smart ticketing to analyse user behaviour. Study classifies three types of users: Annual pass users - who are largely commuters, Monthly pass users - who generally had a regular and diverse use of transport, and Ticketbook users - who were generally occasional transit users. The study did find some exceptions to these findings however, such as consistent Ticketbook users and. users with 4 day work weeks

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May-2020

Study evaluating the benefits of smart ticketing for both operators and passengers. Operators found that less time was spent collecting fares - presumably lowering dwell times. Passengers were found to have spent less time purchasing a transport pass - possibly resulting in time savings for them.

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